Systematic use of trace elements in igneous processes   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

J. F. Minster  C. J. Allègre 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1978,68(1):37-52

This paper develops an application of the inverse method proposed by Allégre et al. (1977) and Minster et al. (1977). Using a set of trace element data in a suite of primary lavas, it is possible to statistically test whether the data can be described by batch partial melting. Once this is achieved, one can inverse the problem and calculate the parameters which govern the process, that is: the degrees of melting corresponding to each lava, the initial source concentrations and partition coefficients for each element. This is a non-linear, strongly underdetermined problem, but when the set of trace elements is restricted to REE, taking advantage of the fact that their properties are smoothly related, the problem can be overconstrained by assuming a set of poorly constrained model parameters. Information contained in the data and in the external constraints can then be estimated and used to build a strategy of data acquisition. From a table of mineral-liquid partition coefficients, the mineralogies of the source and of the material entering the liquid can be calculated. The method has been tested on synthetic data sets representing natural cases, and proved to converge towards the real solution even when a very poor definition of the external constraints is introduced.The calculations have been applied to REE data on Grenada basanitoids (Shimizu and Arculus, 1976). It is confirmed that these lavas can be derived by 4 to 17% batch partial melting of a garnet lherzolite source (7% gt, 23% cpx) that is relatively enriched in light REE. This result is discussed in relation with Nd and Sr isotopic composition data.  相似文献   

Systematic use of trace element in igneous process     

Claude J. Allègre  Michel Treuil  Jean-François Minster  Bernard Minster  Francis Albarède 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1977,60(1):57-75

This paper describes an extended application of the Rayleigh distillation law to trace element behavior in a fractional crystallization sequence. Using a trace element with a very low bulk partition coefficient as a reference (as suggested by Anderson and Greenland, 1969, and extended by Treuil and Varet, 1973), we can derive bulk partition coefficients for other elements and, in turn, the mineralogical composition of the cumulates. Trace elements with large D, such as Ni and Cr, further constrain the system, and we can deduce the initial composition of the magma. An example of this technique is shown for Terceira Island in the Azores.Contribution IPGNS no 229Now at Dept. of Geological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA  相似文献   

U-Pb systematics in iron meteorites: Uniformity of primordial lead     

C. Göpel  G. Manhès  C.J. Allègre 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1985,49(8):1681-1695

Pb isotopic compositions and U-Pb abundances were determined in the metal phase of six iron meteorites: Canyon Diablo IA, Toluca IA, Odessa IA, Youndegin IA, Deport IA and Mundrabilla An. Prior to complete dissolution, samples were subjected to a series of leachings and partial dissolutions. Isotopic compositions and abundances of the etched Pb indicate a contamination by terrestrial Pb which is attributable to previous cutting of the meteorite. Pb isotopic compositions measured in the decontaminated samples are identical within 0.2% and essentially confirm the primordial Pb value defined by Tatsumotoet al. (1973). These data invalidate more radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions published for iron meteorites, which are the result of terrestrial Pb contamination introduced mainly by analytical procedure. Our results support the idea of a solar nebula which was isotopically homogeneous for Pb 4.55 Ga ago. The new upper limit for U-abundance in iron meteorites, 0.001 ppb, is in agreement with its expected thermodynamic solubility in the metal phase.  相似文献   

Some remarks on the notions of ‘structure’ and ‘system’ in geographyAnmerkungen zur bedeutung der begriffe ‘struktur’ und ‘system’ in der geographieRemarques sur les notions de ‘structure’ et ‘systèmes’ en géographie     

O Dollfus  F Durand Dastès 《Geoforum》1975,6(2):83-94

The terms structure and system are used frequently in geography, but nevertheless they remain often imprecise in definition as do the concepts themselves. An attempt is made here to show how geographical structure, which is geographical space organised by a system, may have an operational value in research to the extent that it incorporates both chorological and taxonomic facts. These ‘geographical structures’ should not be confused with the structures of systems.First the system is considered as a set of sets: set of elements, set of the attributes of these elements, set of relationships between the elements, and an assemblage of relationships between the complete system and all exterior to the system. The inputs, and functioning of systems in geography are then discussed by reference to a model of the atmospheric circulation, and to a model of an agricultural system.The utilisation of the two concepts structure and system have facilitated explanation in geography.  相似文献   

Distribution of carbon in a tropical hypersaline estuary,the Casamance (Senegal,West Africa)     

J. Pagès  J. Lemoalle  B. Fritz 《Estuaries and Coasts》1995,18(3):456-468

The Casamance estuary, on the coast of Senegal, is an inverse hypersaline estuary: salinity increases landward, and dry season salinity values are up to 172 psu due to the evaporation of seawater. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations decreased landward as a negative linear function of salinity. Thermodynamic modelling and the absence of CaCO₃ in the sediments indicate that this loss of DIC was not due to calcite precipitation in the main water body. The innermost, almost landlocked, waters contained high phytoplankton biomass (50–300 μg chl I^?1) and high concentrations of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon. Photosynthetic uptake of DIC and subsequent particulate organic carbon sedimentation is proposed as hypothetical explanation of the relationship between DIC and salinity; localized overheating in shallow waters might also be involved.  相似文献   

Water quality in rivers of western Switzerland: Application of an adaptable index based on benthic invertebrates   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Claude Lang  Geneviève l'Eplattenier  Olivier Reymond 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1989,51(3):224-234

Water quality was estimated from 205 samples of benthic invertebrates collected between 1982 and 1986 in 51 rivers of western Switzerland (canton of Vaud). Each sample consisted of the combined list of taxa resulting from one spring sample pooled with one summer sample. Water quality was indicated by total number of taxa and number of taxa intolerant of pollution: i. e. Heptageniidae, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera with a case. Six classes of values were delimited for each of these two variables by cluster analysis. Values from zero to five were attributed to each class. The index of water quality was computed by adding these two values in each sample. According to this index, good water quality was indicated by 42% of samples. This index can be adapted to other rivers because its components are easily modified.  相似文献   

Constraints on the formation of cyclic units in ultramafic zones of large basaltic chambers     

Geneviève Brandeis 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1992,112(2-3):312-328

Petrological models for the formation of cyclic units in ultramafic zones at the base of large mafic layered intrusions are still few and simple. In this study, we develop simple physical constraints, such as the volume balance and density relationships between the various liquids involved. We consider the formation of an entire ultramafic zone, made of N cyclic units due to N successive reinjections. We tackle the following problems. Are all the injections of the same chemical composition? Are the N injections responsible for the formation of the whole magma chamber? Two end-member models are examined. In the first one, the chamber grows with each injection and does not lose any magma (variable volume model, VV). In the second one, the chamber initially forms with a large volume of magma and remains at a constant volume with subsequent reinjections of small volumes balanced by eruptions of equal volume (fixed volume model, FV). Several scenarios for the formation of a cyclic unit are envisioned. Petrological data such as thicknesses of the cumulate layers and their compositions, together with the fractionation density of the cumulate phases, allow the calculation of the density evolution, as a function of the initial density only. Thus, the model yields constraints on the density of the initial liquid, and hence on its chemical composition. The volumes of the injected magmas are calculated as well as the evolution of the densities of the different involved liquids. We apply the calculation to the specific case of the Ultramafic Series of the Stillwater complex. The multiple reinjection models require that the initial liquids densities vary between 2.71 and 2.72 g/cm³, corresponding to MgO-rich liquids for which there is no field evidence, either in dikes or in chilled margins. They also require that the source produces liquids of different chemical composition. Thus, the evolution of the igneous system requires another, larger reservoir where differentiation takes place prior to injection into the shallower one. Contrary to the multiple reinjection models, a closed system model where crystallization proceeds in an isolated bottom layer does not require any specific value of density for the liquids, provided, of course, that it is of basaltic composition. On the negative side, such a model is not supported by any physical processes which would account for the formation of cyclic units.  相似文献   

The dynamic cusp at low altitudes: a case study utilizing Viking,DMSP-F7, and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations     

J. Watermann  O. de la Beaujardière  D. Lummerzheim  J. Woch  P. T. Newell  T. A. Potemra  F. J. Rich  M. Shapshak 《Annales Geophysicae》1994,12(12):1144-1157

Coincident multi-instrument magnetospheric and ionospheric observations have made it possible to determine the position of the ionospheric footprint of the magnetospheric cusp and to monitor its evolution over time. The data used include charged particle and magnetic field measurements from the Earth-orbiting Viking and DMSP-F7 satellites, electric field measurements from Viking, interplanetary magnetic field and plasma data from IMP-8, and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations of the ionospheric plasma density, temperature, and convection. Viking detected cusp precipitation poleward of 75.5○ invariant latitude. The ionospheric response to the observed electron precipitation was simulated using an auroral model. It predicts enhanced plasma density and elevated electron temperature in the upper E- and F-regions. Sondrestrom radar observations are in agreement with the predictions. The radar detected a cusp signature on each of five consecutive antenna elevation scans covering 1.2 h local time. The cusp appeared to be about 2○ invariant latitude wide, and its ionospheric footprint shifted equatorward by nearly 2○ during this time, possibly influenced by an overall decrease in the IMF B_z component. The radar plasma drift data and the Viking magnetic and electric field data suggest that the cusp was associated with a continuous, rather than a patchy, merging between the IMF and the geomagnetic field.  相似文献   

A comparison between transilient turbulence theory and the exchange coefficient model approaches     

J. Cuxart  P. Bougeault  P. Lacarrère  J. Noilhan  M. R. Soler 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,67(3):251-276

The transilient turbulence model of Stull and Driedonks (1987) and the exchange coefficient model of Bougeault and Lacarrère (1989) are intercompared on four convective days of the HAPEX-MOBILHY experiment. We show that the numerical formulations of the models are very close to each other, despite their totally different theoretical backgrounds. Both models describe the mixing effect of the turbulence via matrices having the same general characteristics. The results of the models are also found to be very similar in general, although the transilient approach requires more computations. Some systematic differences are noted and discussed in detail. We argue that similar work should be conducted on non-convective cases before deciding on the superiority of one or the other approach.  相似文献   

La Tramontane et le Mestral de la Côte Catalane     

E. Fontserè 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1949,1(2):127-137

Résumé Pendant la moitié froide de l'année, le grand courant atmosphérique qui la plupart des jours se dirige du Golfe de Biscaye vers la Méditerranée est divisé près du sol en deux branches par les Pyrenées et par la dépression intérieure catalane, alors très froide, de sorte que dequis Blanes jusqu'à Vilanova on ne trouve généralement que des vents locaus. L'une de ces branches, après avoir parcouru le midi de la France jusqu'au Roussillon, pénètre en Catalogne en sautant sur les Albères sous la forme de vent du NNW (tramontane); l'autre suit le bassin de l'Èbre et débouche en mer comme un vent du NW (mestral). Ces deux vents deviennent parfois très violents en Ampourdan et au SE de la Serra de Balaguer, où ils constituent alors des cataractes furieuses d'air sec qui se précipitent vers la mer et qui sont dangereuses pour les petits bateaux pêcheurs et pénibles pour l'aviation. Leur violence, leur siccité et les nuages orographiques qu'ils produisent, font ranger ces deux vents parmi les phénomènes côtiers les plus notables.

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Summary During the cold months, the great atmospheric current which most of the time goes from the Gulf of Biscay to the Mediterranean sea is divided in its lower layers in two branches by the Pyrenees and the central Catalonian depression, which in this season is very cold. Therefore the zone between Blanes and Vilanova is a protected one, with local winds only. One of the current branches runs over the souther parts of France until the Roussillon, and leaping over the frontier mountains of the Alberes enters in Catalonia as a NNW wind (tramontana). The other branch runs over the Ebro depression and reaches the Mediterranean as a NW wind (mestral). Frequently these two winds become furious at the Ampourdan and at the leeward of the Serra de Balaguer, where they fall down to the sea as cataracts of dry air, violent enough to be dangerous for the fishing boats and troublesome for the aircraft. Their violence, their dryness and the orographic clouds that they produce, place these winds amongst the most conspicuous coastal phenomena.

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Zusammenfassung Während der kalten Jahreshälte wird die große Luftströmung, die an der Mehrzahl der Tage vom Golf von Biskaya gegen das Mittelmeer weht, durch die Pyrenäen und die zu dieser Zeit sehr kalte innerkatalanische Senke in zwei Arme geteilt, während von Blanes bis Vilanova im allgemeinen nur lokale Winde auftreten. Der eine dieser Arme durchströmt Südfrankreich bis ins Roussillon, überschreitet die östlichen Pyrenäenausläufer (Alberes) und dringt als NNW-Wind in Katalonien ein (Tramontana); der andere folgt dem Ebrobecken und mündet als NW-Wind auf das Meer (Mestral). Beide Winde werden manchmal sehr heftig, der erste im Ampurdan (der nordöstlichen Ecke Kataloniens), der zweite südöstlich der Serra de Balaguer (nordöstlich Tortosa), wo sie einen wilden Katarakt trockener Luft bilden, der sich auf das Meer hinabstürzt und für die kleinen Fischerboote gefährlich und für die Aviatik beschwerlich ist. Durch ihre Heftigkeit, ihre Trockenheit und die von ihnen gebildeten Hinderniswolken gehören diese Winde zu den bemerkenswertesten Küstenerscheinungen.

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Avec 7 figures.  相似文献